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HISTORY, 



Description and Resources 



OF 



DARLINGTON COUNTY, 



STATE OF SOUTH CAROLINA 



CHARLESTON, S. C. 
THE xp:ws and courier job presses. 

1874. 



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_9 



[Extract from Minutes of the Convention of the Granges of 
Darlington County, at its Session at Darlington Court 
House, May i^tJi, 1874.] 

Resolved, That the Committee on Immigration be directed 
to prepare a Pamphlet descriptive of the County and its 
resources, for distribution among- tlie Granges of the other 
States of the Union. 

J. A. LAW, President. 

John W. Williamson, Secretary. 



DARLINGTON COUNTY, 

STATE OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 



Situation, Boundaries, and History of Settlement. 

Darlington County lies in the Eastern portion of the State 
of South Carolina, and is a part of the rich and extensive 
valley formed by the Great Pee Dee and its tributaries. 

The General Assembly, in 1785, by what is known as the 
County Court Act, divided the famous old Precinct of The 
Cheraws into the three Counties of Chesterfield, Darlington, 
and Marlborough. In 1793, on the abolition of the County 
Courts, these, as well as the other judicial divisions of the 
State, received the name of Districts. The State Conven- 
tion of 1868 declared that the judicial divisions of the State 
should, thenceforth, be denominated Comities. 

The County is bounded on the Northeast by the Great 
Pee Dee River, which separates it from the County of Marl- 
borough ; Northwest by the County of Chesterfield, from 
which it is divided in part by Cedar Creek ; Southwest by 
Lynche's Creek, separating it from the Counties of Sumter 
and Kershaw ; and Southeast by the County of Marion, and 
Lynche's Creek separating it from the County of Williams- 
burg. It is of a very compact shape — approximating a 
square in form — contains 576,000 acres, and is, on an aver- 
age, thirty miles square. 

Darlington and the adjacent Counties lying along the 
Great Pee Dee, date their settlement from 1737, when a 
Colony of Welsh, from Pennsylvania, located on that River. 
To this Colony were added, shortly afterwards, a number of 
English, Scotch, and Irish families, some from Virginia, and 



many directly from across the Atlantic. The people of the 
Pee Dee Valley arc justly proud of these first settlers. 
Honest, energetic, intelligent, and religious, the impress of 
their character is still conspicuous in the country of their 
selection, despite the many changes that have taken place, 
and despite the incoming of men of every national it}' ; their 
form of Protestantism — the Baptist — still dominates ; and 
among the prominent men of the valley their names have 
still a large representation. 

The Welsh selected the Pee Uee Valley for tire cultiva- 
tion of hemp and flax, but the great natural inducements to 
stock raising — the extensive ranges, the fine natix'c grasses, 
the abundant mass of the forests, and the immense cane- 
brakes along the streams — directed their attention to that 
more profitable business. Soon " Cheraw Bacon " became 
famous in distant parts of the country, and immense herds 
of cattle and horses were driven South to Charleston, and 
North as far as Philadelphia. 

About the year 1745 the fortunate discovery was made 
that Indigo grew spontaneously in tlie Province, and was 
found almost everywhere among the wild weeds of the for- 
est. Seed was imported from the W'est Indies, and soon 
the cultivation of this plant was found to be the shortest and 
easiest road to A\-ealth. Stock raising still, though as a 
subordinate industry, received attention ; Lumber was sent off 
in large quantities ; Wheat, Corn, and Tobacco were pro- 
duced in abundance, and Tar, Pitch, and Turpentine were 
among the exports. " Wealth poured in upon the Colonists 
from a thousand channels. The fertility of the soil gener- 
ously repaid the labor of the husbandman, making the poor 
to sing, and industry to smile through every corner of the 
land. None were indigent, but the idle and unfortunate. 
Personal independence was fully within the reach of ever)' 
man who was healthy and industrious."- 

With the beginning of the present century Indigo gave 
place to Cotton, as the chief source of wealth, and with what 

*Ramsay's "History of tlic RcvoUuion in South Carolina," \ ol. 1, p. 7. 



7 

result is shown by the fact, that before the kite war Dar- 
lington was among the very wealthiest of the purely agricul- 
tural Counties of the United States. 

This brief histor\', which cannot be gainsayed, is in itself a 
demonstration of the wonderful agricultural resources of the 
County. We see a country which, in its brief history of not 
much over a century in duration, has presented to its peo- 
ple three distinct industries, of a character so remarkably 
profitable as to make to all, except the unfortunate or the 
criminally inert, the road to wealth short and easy, and to 
concentrate upon each, in its turn, to the neglect of other 
occupations, the energies of the people, physical and mental. 

VlIJ.AGES. 

The County has within its borders four thriving villages : 
Darlington Court House, Society Hill, Florence, and Tim- 
monsville. 

Darlington Court House, the seat of justice for the Coun- 
ty, situated near its centre, is a beautiful village, embowered 
in a grove of shapely and majestic evergreen oaks, with a 
population of between 900 and 1000. Here the Court of 
Common Pleas and General Sessions for the Count}' holds, 
annually, a Spring, a Summer, and a Fall Session. 

Society Hill, the oldest of the villages, is situated in the 
Northeast corner of the County, on high and healthy sand 
hills, one mile from the Great Pee Dee River. A good 
bridge across the River connects the place with the County 
of Marlborough, and makes it the point of shipment, b\- 
River and Railroad, of much of the produce of that County. 
Society Hill had its origin, in the need felt by the planters 
of the River low lands for society and a healthy residence, 
and still deserves its name, its white inhabitants being dis- 
tinguished for refinement and hospitality. It numbers be- 
tween 500 and 600 inhabitants, is one of the loveliest vil- 
lages of the State, and unsurpassed as a healthy and de- 
lightful place of residence. 



8 

At I'lorencc, near the Southeastern border of the Count}', 
three Railroads meet, one of which, the Northeastern, has 
there its workshops. Its population is in the neighborhood 
of looo. Florence is a thrifty and enterprising little town, 
is growing rapidly, and regards the future with grand and 
not unreasonable expectations. 

Timmons\-ille, in the Southwestern part of the County, on 
the line of the Wilmington, Columbia, and Augusta Rail- 
road, is a busy and hopeful village of some six hundred in- 
habitants, having a fertile and well settled country around 
it, and shipping a large portion of the produce of the County. 

Other villages are springing up, the most prominent 
among which is Cartersville, a Station on the Wilmington,. 
Columbia, and Augusta Railroad, in a mile of where the 
Road crosses Lynche's Creek, and passes beyond the limits 
of the Count}^ 

Rivers. Crkkks, Roads, and Market FAcnjTiES. 

A better watered County it would be difficult to find in 
the United States. From Northwest to Southeast, nearly 
parallel with each other, run across its territory Rivers, and 
Creeks deserving the name of Rivers, leaving between them 
only narrow strips of upland, while numberless small tribu- 
taries flow from the uplands to feed these larger streams. 
In whatever direction the traveller rides, neither he nor his 
horse can suffer for water. W^ells need not be applied to ; 
he finds numerous springs along his route, and c\cry mile or 
two crosses running water. 

Forming the Northwest boundary of the Count\- — a dis- 
tance of between thirty-five and forty miles — flows the ma- 
jestic stream of the Great Pee Dee. The River rises in 
North Carolina, and empties into W^inyaw Bay, near George- 
town. Its average A\idth along our border is 150 )-ards, and 
it is navigable froni its mouth to the town of Cheraw, in 
Chesterfield, about 120 miles, by air-line, from the ocean. 
Five Steamboats now find profitable employment upon its 



waters. The River abounds in fish of fine quality, such as 
Catfish, Bream, White and Speckled Trout, White Perch, 
Redhorse, anci Rockfish, while in the Spring the Shad 
Fisheries become profitable. The Swamp proper of the 
River has an average width of two and a half miles, and 
then comes what is known as the upper loiv lands, above 
high water mark, and with an average width of from one 
and a half to two miles. Of the Swamp proper, from one- 
third to one-half has been or is now under cultivation. 
The portions uncleared are covered by a growth of valuable 
trees, such as White and Red Oak, Cypress, Ash, Hickory, 
and Gum, and still repays the toil of the hunter in pursuit 
of Deer, Wild Turkeys, Ducks, and other varieties of South- 
ern game. Along the banks of the Great Pee Dee the first 
Colonists of the valley located, attracted by its fertile lands, 
splendid timber, grazing facilities, and the abundance of its 
fish and game. Before the late war, the River along its 
Darlington border had been well embanked, and its low 
lands, thus protected from freshets, were so productive, that 
thirty dollars per acre was deemed not too high a price for 
clearing them from trees, and the opportunities for their 
purchase, at any price, were exceedingly rare. In 1865 a 
great freshet broke the levees and flooded the low lands. 
Coming at a time when emancipation and the other results 
of the war had reduced our people from riches to poverty, 
the disaster could not be repaired, and to this day the 
greater part of these valuable lands remain without proper 
cultivation. The owners are impoverished, and the lands 
can be bought at prices ranging from $1.50 to $5 per acre. 
Such an opportunity for speculation rarely occurs. The 
capitalist who would invest his money in the repair *of the 
embankments, and the restoration of these lands, could not 
fail to increase enormously his wealth. 

Leaving the Pee Dee, and riding Westward, the traveller 
would next come to Black Creek, the pride of the County. 
This stream, deserving from its size the name of River, 
rises among the high sand hills in the Northwest corner of 



lO 

Chesterfield Count)-, and windinL^ with a serpentine ccnirse 
through the Eastern portion of our County, empties itself 
just below our Southeast corner into the Great Pee Dee. 
In its course through Darlington it has very little of swamp, its 
banks being mostly high and dry, and shaded by stately trees. 
Its bottom is of hard fullers earth, and it is fed mainly b}' innu- 
merable springs of pure and cold water. The riparian lands 
of this stream are among the most health)' in the .State, and 
though not unfit for the cultivation of Cotton, are distin- 
guished in the County as fine grain lands. Owing to the 
absence of Swamj), the altitude of the countr)- from which 
it takes its rise, and the character of its tributaries, there is 
no more delightful bathing stream ; its waters are singularly 
pure and cold, its fish, though not numerous, are distin- 
guished for fine flavor, and the hardness and whiteness of 
their flesh, and the current is unusually rapid. There is a 
general expectation among the people of the County, that 
Black Creek will, one day, become famous for its manufac- 
tories ; and despite the difficulties arising from the want of a 
rock bottom, and the rapidity of its rise after a rain-fall, the 
opinions of competent engineers, who have studied its capa- 
cities, justify this expectation. The flow of water is con- 
stant, and the fall is estimated at three feet to the mile. 
The abundance of fine Pine Timber upon its banks for the 
construction of dams, the healthfulness of the country, mild- 
ness of the climate, both in Summer and Winter, vicinity to 
Railroads, cheapness of labor, and sa\'ing of transportation 
of the raw material, make the location a superior one for 
Cotton P^actories. Sweet Afton deserved not niore the ad- 
miration and song of a poet. Its pure waters vary in color 
as they pass from shallow to deep pool, its banks are adorn- 
ed by a rich and varied foliage, and as it pursues its sinu- 
ous course, with every turn it presents miniature scenes of 
surpassing beaut)'. 

Going Westward, the traveller next crosses Swift Creek, a 
fine stream, with rich low lands, then comes to High Hill 
Creek and Jeffries Creek, along both of which are some of 



1 1 

the finest farms in the County ; then crosses Middle Swamp, 
Lake Swamp, Sparrow Swamp, Newman's Swamp, Deep 
Hole — all fine perennial streams — until, at last, he reaches 
Lynche's Creek, the Southwestern boundary of the Count}-. 
This stream, like Black Creek, deserves the name of River. 
In its course along our boundary it forms an arc with a gen- 
tle bend. If, at a distance of six miles from the Creek, you 
draw a line parallel with it, between this and the Creek will 
be included what is now the most prosperous portion of the 
County. The lands are mostly divided into small farms, of 
about one hundred acres each ; there are few negroes ; 
Churches and School Houses are numerous ; and the people, 
honest, intelligent, and industrious, as a general rule, raise 
their provisions, and make, besides, fine crops of Cotton. 

Forming a part of the Northwestern boundary is Cedar 
Creek, a fine, never failing stream, fed by numberless 
springs. During the war of i8i2, General D. R. Williams, 
an enterprising citizen of the County, established on this 
stream a small Cotton Factory, which, for many years after- 
wards, paid a handsome dividend on the capital invested. 

The County possesses unusual facilities for travel within 
its borders, and for reaching market quickly and cheaply. 
Fine Roads abound, and these are good through all seasons 
of the year, the land being level, and the soil resisting well 
the wear and tear of travel. From Cheraw, in the County 
of Chesterfield, to Florence, runs the Cheraw and Darling- 
ton Railroad, visiting in its course the villages of Society 
Hill and Darlington Court House. From Cheraw a Road 
is being built to Salisbury, in North Carolina, Avhich, when 
completed, will afford to the people of the County ready- 
access to all parts of North Carolina, and \\\\\ lead to the 
passage, through our borders, on the w-ay to Charleston, of 
much of the produce of the Old North State. Florence is 
the Northern terminus of the Northeastern Railroad, run- 
ning up from the City of Charleston, a distance of only 102 
miles. Through Florence, also, passes the Wilmington, 
Columbia, and Augusta Railroad, an important link in one 



12 

of the great lines of travel between the North and the 
Soutli. 

As has been said, five Steamboats on the Great Fee Dee 
afford cheap water transportation to the City of Charleston. 
Lynche's Creek was once navigable eighty miles from where 
it empties into the Pee Dee, and Black Creek thirty miles 
from its junction with the same River; and there only needs 
the removal of obstructions, consisting entirely of logs and 
trees, to render these streams again open to boats for the 
same or greater distances. 

Population — Colored Element. 

The County is divided into twenty-one Townships, differ- 
ing but little in size. By the Census Report for 1870 the 
population is stated as 26,243, composed of whites 10,097, 
and colored 16,146. There is. however, a manifest error in 
the Report. The statistics from three of the Townships, in 
two of which the whites are largely in the majority, were 
cither not forwarded, or were overlooked by the Depart- 
ment. Besides, it is believed that there is an error in the 
number of negroes in the Townships reported. At the time 
the Census was being taken, the colored people were in ex- 
pectation of some bounty from the Government, and there 
was prevalent among them a rumor that their names were 
being taken with a view to the distribution of this bounty. 
Under these circumstances it is difficult to resist the con- 
clusion that fathers, in many instances, exaggerated the 
number in famil}-. By those best informed, it is believed 
that the present population of the County is some 30,000, 
the colored being between one-fourth and one-third in ex- 
cess of the whites. 

Negro slaves were introduced into the Pee Doe Valley 
very soon after the arrival of the first Colonists, and proved 
so valuable that their price quickly reached a high figure. 
Treated kindh', their natural" increase was rapid, and, in ad- 
dition, their numbers were constantly augmented by pur- 



chase. In 1840 the colored element of the population in 
this County was slightly in excess of the whites, and, after 
that, rapidly went ahead. Darlington was, just after the 
war, the Headquarters of the Military occupation of the Pee 
Dee Valley, and, as a consequence, large numbers of negroes, 
inspired by hope and fear, flocked in from the adjacent 
Counties. But for the strong local attachments of the race, 
the negro population would, on account of their want of 
landed property, and their credulous and excitable natures, 
be of a very uncertain character. A slight inducement 
leads the negro off, but the old plantation, where he was 
born and bred, has attractions that rarely fail, in time, to 
bring him back. Thus, while numbers are constantly leav- 
ing the County, numbers are as constantly on the return. 

Treated kindly, with few exceptions, while slaves, their 
emancipation led to no scenes of violence and bloodshed. 
Urged to take advantage of his opportunity, and do his 
worst, by vile men — the offscouring of the North, who fol- 
lowed the army of occupation — the negro could not rid him- 
self of his attachment to his master's family, and was utter- 
ly unable to regard and treat as enemies those who had been 
his life-long friends. His conduct in this County, after 
emancipation, as in other Counties similarly situated, expos- 
ed, in the most striking manner, one of the delusions of the 
leaders of the abolition movement. The relation between 
master and slave was, as a general rule, distinguished by 
mutual affection and kind offices— this the abolitionist was 
naturally unable to understand. After the State was reor- 
ganized under the measures of. reconstruction, the negroes, 
banded together in secret political leagues, under the most 
solemn of oaths, grateful to the Republican party, which 
had bestowed the boon of freedom, and, in their ignorance, 
fully persuaded that the carpet-baggers had been sent to 
them by the Republican party, to be their leaders, voted 
solidly against the respectable whites. Honest efforts have 
been made, and arc still being made, to disabuse their minds, 
and to induce them to unite with the whites in the interests 



14 

of good government, but so far nothing has been accom- 
plished. Mean\sliile, in all concerns, except that of poh'tics, 
there has been, and there is now, no real bitterness of feel- 
ing between the races. The negro treats the decent white 
man with all the respect of former days; to him, in prefer- 
ence to all others, he goes.for advice and assistance; if in 
distress, it is to some member of old master's family that he 
goes with implicit confidence; and if any member of that 
family has come to grief, the slaves of the past are most 
likely to come to the rescue with sympathy and assistance. 
Despite, however, this kindly feeling and interchange of kind 
offices, politics remain a forbidden subject. Let the white 
man mention it, and immediately the negro becomes either 
silent or an assenting hypocrite. Even where, from superior 
intelligence, the negro is convinced that he should break 
through the trammels of party, his timid nature makes it 
impossible for him to go contrary to the majority of his 
race. Besides, he lias been led to entertain the vain hope of 
speedily bringing about, by means of his political ascenden- 
cy, social equality ; and this hope binds him fast to an or- 
ganization and to leaders, the evil ends of which, and the 
corruption of whom, are now apparent even to his eyes. 

Could an immigration of honest white men from the North 
be induced, of sufficient magnitude to give the majority to 
the whites in this and the other Counties of the State, simi- 
larly in minority, the political evils and social troubles that 
now impair the prosperity of this rich country, would soon 
disappear. Such a change would be, if anything, a greater 
blessing to the negro than to the white man, as, for obvious 
reasons, the present misgovernment of the State presses 
upon the former most heavily. A return by the means 
above indicated, to honesty and capacity in the administra- 
tion of the affairs of the State, would reduce the heavy taxa- 
tion, the greater part of which he is, though indirectly,, made 
to pay, would bring about entire harmony between him and 
the w'hitc man ; would remove from his mind many vain 
hopes and delusions that now interfere with his success in 



15 

life ; would expel the only question likely to bring about a 
conflict of races — the question of social equality — from the 
dangerous field of politics ; would teach the negro to hope for 
the gratification of this, his eager ambition, alone through 
the legitimate means of refinement, education, and wealth ; 
and, lastly, would lead him to occupy contentedly his proper 
place in our social fabric. His strong vote, backed by kind- 
ly feelings and an intelligent sense of interest on the part 
of the better class of whites, would be a guarantee against 
any legislation inimical to his race; and, instead of, as now, 
being looked upon as a source of trouble and apprehension, 
the negro would again, as in the past, be justly regarded as 
a valuable element in the population. 

In this County he has had, and still has, every encourage- 
ment to better his condition and render himself independ- 
ent. As soon as our Courts were opened, after the war, and 
lands began to be sold, almost invariably, when large tracts 
were brought under the hammer of the auctioneer, they were 
cut up for sale into lots, small enough to suit negro purchas- 
ers, and after some little natural hesitation, landlords began, 
cheerfully, to let out their surplus lands to negro tenants. 
Numbers now own and work their own lands, and still 
greater numbers cultivate the land as tenants. Among 
these some are doing unusually well, exhibiting a rapid ac- 
cumulation of property, and a consequen' elevation of char- 
acter. The large majority still obtain employment as house 
servants and as laborers on the farms and plantations. The 
money wages range according to the age and character of 
the employee, from $5 to $10 per month, and rations. The 
most popular plan of employment on the farm, however, is 
an arrangement by which the laborers receive a share of the 
crop — usually one-third — and buy their provisions from the 
employer, on a credit, until the crop is harvested. Theft 
and idleness were alarmingly common just after the war, but 
since have been rapidly and steadily on the decrease. \/ 



i6 
Religkjn — Education, 

The prevailing forms of Protestantism in the County arc 
lUptists, Methodist, Presbyterian, and EpiscopaHan. The 
Baptists are believed to be most numerous, though the 
Methodists are not far behind. A Catholic Church is being 
erected at Elorcnce. 

The educational advantages of the County would be all 
that could be reasonably desired — the system pursued being 
well devised and the appropriations large — did not the mel- 
ancholy political condition of the State fail to secure an 
honest disbursement of the funds raised for education, and 
prevent the election and appointment of competent Super- 
intendents and Teachers to preside over its interests. There 
is an average of three Public Schools to each of the twenty- 
one Townships, and, besides. Private Schools are numerous. 
According to last year's Annual Report of the County School 
Commissioner, while the scholastic population was near 8,000, 
the number in attendance on the Public Schools was 2,600. 

Soil — Productions. 

Darlington County, only about sixty miles from the Ocean 
by air line, lies, as might be expected, wathin the alluvial 
formation of the State, being below the falls of the Rivers. 
The greater part of its territory is within what is known as 
the Third Section of the soil of the State, counting from the 
Coast, a region of an average width of thirty miles, lying be- 
tween the Tide Swamp lands and the Sand Hills, and stand- 
ing in the same relation to the Ocean that the Upper Low 
Lands do to our Rivers. It is of secondary formation, and 
abounds in shell lime stone. A rich stratum of this marl, 
containing on an average sixty per cent, of Carbonate of 
Lime, is exposed at points on Black Creek-, Swift Creek, 
High Hill Creek, and Lynche's Creek, and is believed to be 
continuous, throughout at least all the space between these 
different localities. It is easily obtained in quantit}', and its 



17 

great value in the improvement of our lands has been fully 
demonstrated. It neutralizes the acid principle of the soil, 
alters its texture and absorbency, quickens growth, and re- 
strains the production of malaria. 

Along the Northwest border of the County, widening 
as you go West, is a narrow strip of country, which be- 
longs to the Fourth Section or Sand Hill Region of the' 
State. These Sand Hills running through the State, about 
the same distance, everywhere, from the Coast, are believed 
to mark the line of the ancient shore of the Ocean, and to 
have once been washed by the waves of the Atlantic. This 
Sand Hill Region of the County is just beginning to be prop- 
erly appreciated. In the past it. has had no attractions for 
the farmer, its arable land being believed to be confined to a 
few narrow strips of rich soil in its hollows and along the 
banks of its streams. Quite recently a few enterprising men 
have demonstrated, by the indisputable evidence of profita- 
ble farms, that its area of land, capable of making a rich re- 
turn to cultivation, is far more extensive than was supposed. 
It is covered densely by a valuable growth of Pitch Pine and 
Black Jack. Such of its lands as are apparently unfit for 
cultivation, afford a splendid pasturage and range for stock. 
Cattle and Hogs require, the year round, but little help from 
the farmer's barn, and no country can be better adapted to 
the raising of Sheep. The air is remarkably salubrious, and 
the water pure and pleasant. Taking the whole year round, 
there is no country more healthy ; the Summers are very 
free from bilious, and the Winters from inflammatory dis- 
eases. These lands, so capable of being made highly profit- 
able, range in price from fifty cents to three dollars per acre. 

Leaving the sand hill country, the other lands of the Coun- 
ty may be classed as Swamp Lands, Upper Low Lands, and 
Ridge Uplands. The Swamp Lands have been partially 
described in speaking of the Great Pee Dee. They are al- 
luvial lands, of recent formation, and are wonderfully pro- 
ductive. Properly drained and protected from freshets, they 
produce from 40 to 75 bushels of Corn, and from 1500 to 
3 



i8 

2000 pounds of Seed Cotton to the acre. I-on^^ before the 
war efforts were made, by patriotic and intelhgent citi/xns, 
to enf^age the State Government in the great work of re- 
claiming its Swamp Lands, but owing to various circum- 
stances, unnecessar)' to mention, the scheme failed to become 
popular, except in certain localities, and nothing was done. 
The present State Government, with its burden of debt, is 
not likely, for many years to come, to be prepared to attempt 
the task. What has been done in the past, however, de- 
monstrates that the work, great as it is, would prove not 
beyond the means of individuals, if efforts were made simul- 
taneousl)-. This reclamation of our Swamp Lands would 
open up for cultivation thousands of acres of the richest 
lands of the whole South, and, at the same time, by remov- 
ing tlie only local cause of disease, would render our coun- 
try one of the healthiest in the whole world. The work 
within the limits of this County, along the Pee Dee, would 
be mainly one of restoration — the repair of damages done 
by the freshet of 1865. No great amount of capital w'ould 
be required to accomplish this, and it would be easy to de- 
monstrate that the investment would prove exceedingly 
profitable. Not more than one-fifth of the Swamj) Lands of 
the County have been or are now in cultivation. 

The Upper Low Lands are, at present, the most valuable 
in the County. They are the finest Cotton lands, have a 
stiff clay sub-soil, and are susceptible of high and rapid im- 
provement. With fair manuring, and ordinar\- cultivation, 
they yield from 1000 to 1800 pounds of Seed Cotton t(j 
the acre. 

The Ridge Uplands have generally a thin soil, but are 
easy of enrichment, and repay most generously every effort 
made for their improvement. Before the war there prevail- 
ed a reckless use of our lands. Land and labor were cheap 
and i)lcntiful, and the planter made little or no eftbrt to 
keep up and improve the soil, but abandoned a field as soon 
as it showed signs of exhaustion, and in new clearings of his 
forest, sought fresh lands. After the war necessity led to 



19 

wiser conduct. Confronted by diminished capital, uncertain 
labor, and the unwonted evil of tJicft from the Juids, the 
planter was compelled to confine himself to the fields around 
his dwelling, and to seek his support in the concentration of 
his money and efforts upon bringing these few acres to a 
condition of extraordinary productiveness. Such radical 
changes are not brought about in a day, but this agricultu- 
ral reform has, under the pressure of necessity, advanced 
with rapid strides, and is now observable throughout the 
County. There are unusual facilities for this work of land 
improvement. Besides the manures of the stable yard and 
lot and the marl-beds of which we have spoken, the excel- 
lent Fertilizers made near Charleston, are obtainable on easy 
terms, and these, composted with the rich and abundant surf 
and muck of the near at hand forest and swamp, supply to 
the land just what it needs to enable it to do its best. 
Many an old field, long abandoned as worthless, has become, 
under this treatment, as highly productive as the freshest 
lands of the County, and one now rarely hears the old time 
talk of the poor and worn out lands of South Carolina. 
Mr. Calvin Rhodes, one of the best of our farmers, planting 
improved uplands, in the neighborhood of Swift Creek, that 
were formerly old fields, made last year (1873), on a 20 acre 
field, 25 bales of Lint Cotton, each weighing 500 pounds, 
and eight of the bales were gathered from five acres. Few 
intelligent farmers are now willing to risk their judgment in 
fixing a limit of cotton production to the capacity of our 
lands. 

The Upper Low Lands and Ridge Uplands of the County, 
in farms and plantations varying in size from 100 to 2,000 
acres, well fenced, and having upon them all needed buildings, 
range in price from $3 to $15 per acre, the terms of sale be- 
ing usually one-third cash, and the balance on a credit of 
one and two years. Before the war land with us might 
justly be spoken of as a monopoly, and could rarely be pur- 
chased without the approval of neighbors. Since the war 
vast quantities have been thrown upon the market, while 



20 

the buyers have been few. Only within the last three or 
four years lia\e the negroes, in any number, been prepared, 
by reason of their savings, to purchase; but the number now, 
with every year, is rapidly on the increase. These facts, 
with the political condition of the country, account for the 
price of our lands, and a present observable upward tenden- 
cy. Looking to their intrinsic value, the price of our lands 
is strikingly low, as is illustrated, by constantly occurring 
instances of purchases of land entirely on credit, and the 
purchaser, in the course of two or three years, besides sup- 
porting himself and family, paying, wholly with the profit of 
his lands, the entire purchase money. 

The great value of the Cotton Crop, and its consequent 
absorption of the labor of the County, has been attended by 
evils that are, just now, being fully understood and appre- 
ciated. This monopoly of the industry of the County has 
prevented the development of its manifold agricultural re- 
sources, discouraged a wise economy, and deprived us of that 
independence which is the fruit of a varied agriculture. 
Just after the war, as is well known, the price of Cotton was 
exceedingly high. The planter was induced to see in this 
the opportunity for a rapid rebuilding of his fortune, the ne- 
cessity for economy was not felt, and he, naturally, kept up his 
old time, loose and extravagant mode of living and expendi- 
ture. Cotton paid so well, that it seemed foolish to devote 
an acre to anything else. There were not wanting those who 
called attention to the fact that the permanently prosperous 
farmers and planters of the past were they who made their 
own provisions ; but these warnings were silenced by a short 
and apparently unanswerable mathematical demonstration. 
The price of Cotton gradually fell, but, unfortunately, in its 
fall, fluctuated to such a degree as to keep up hopes painful 
to be surrendered. Cotton has, therefore, continued to re- 
ceive undue attention, and the planter, in too many in- 
stances, instead of rebuilding his fortune, has become a bonded 
slave to his factor, and powerless to turn back on a road 
which he now clearly sees is leading him to ruin. 



21 

This year (1874) though no great increase has been made 
in the area of Corn cultivation, the season has been so pecu- 
Harly favorable that there is every prospect of a provision 
crop large enough to meet the demands of the coming year. 
This opportunity concurring fortunately with a low price for 
Cotton, and a growing conviction of the folly of the past, 
will, it is hoped, produce a radical change, and lead our farm- 
ers, hereafter, to plant less Cotton and more Corn. The soil 
presents no obstacle. Though so well adapted to the cul- 
ture of Cotton, it produces in abundance Corn, Wheat, Rye, 
Oats, Peas, and other provision crops. A good illustration, 
saving words, is furnished by the fact that Mr. W. E, Dar- 
gan, a young and enterprising farmer, in the neighborhood of 
Timmonsville, harvested early this Summer a crop of Red 
Oats, which measured out sixty-five bushels to the acre, and 
has now upon the same land a growing crop of Corn that 
cannot fail to yield him twenty bushels to the acre. 

Minor Industries and Resources — Orchards — Gar- 
dens — Organizations of Farmers. 

Rice is raised almost entirely for home consumption, but 
could easily be produced in quantities for exportation, much 
of our soil being admirably fitted for the culture of a variety 
very little inferior to that of the Tide Swamp Region. 

Every thrifty farmer has his Sweet Potato patch, yielding 
with little labor and attention, from 200 to 500 bushels to 
the acre. The Sweet Potato is more valuable in product 
than that of any root crop of more Northern climates, high- 
ly and deservedly as root crops are there prized. It is one 
of the chief articles of food met with on the table of the 
Southern farmer — cheap, palatable and nutritious — is easily 
preserved from crop to crop, and its exportation could be 
made very profitable. 

The yield of Irish Potatoes is large, but difficulties, aris- 
ing, perhaps, mainly from inexperience, have been met 
with in their preservation after removal from the soil, and 



22 

their culture is almost entirely confined to the garden. They 
come to maturity very quickly in our soil and climate, the 
early varieties beino- ready for use in April — and two crops, 
on the same ground, in the same season, are common. 

In soil and climate the County closely resembles some of 
the most populous and most productive of the countries of 
the Old World, such as parts of India, China and Japan, and 
the portions of Europe bordering on the Mediterranean. 
Midway between extremes both of soil and climate, with 
few exceptions, the most valuable productions, both of the 
cold regions of the North and of the tropics of the South, 
can be grown abui;dantly within its borders. 

The Vine can be cultivated with great success. Native 
vines, in their wild state, abound in our forests and clamber 
along our fences. Since the war, much attention has been 
given to this industry, and it has, already, become a marked 
feature in our agriculture. Young vineyards are common, 
and every year adds to their number, while such as have 
reached maturity bountifully repay the labor and attention 
bestowed by their owners. A successful vinegrower of the 
County estimates the annual \\'ilue of his vineyard at $1,000 
per acre. The Scuppernong, Flowers and Thomas are the 
most certain, prolific and valuable of the vines cultivated ; 
but other choice varieties, such as Concord, Clinton, Catawba 
and Isabella, though requiring more attention, do well and 
yield abundantly. 

Plantations of Olive Trees have already succeeded in the 
State, and there is no doubt that the tree could be grown 
with profit in this County. The Tea Plant has been success- 
fully grown, in the open air, in an adjoining County, and 
English Walnut and Pecan Trees do so well that in the last 
two or three years a good deal of intelligent interest has 
been manifested in their increase. 

The soil and climate arc admirabi)' adapted to the Mul- 
berry Tree. Groves of the best bearing varieties of the edi- 
ble Mulberry were planted before the war, by many of our 
planters, for feeding hogs. The varieties that have been 



23 

found by experience to furnfsh the best food for the silk- 
worm, can be easily and rapidly grown, and are hardy and 
luxuriant. There can be no doubt that the production of 
silk could be made a profitable industry in this country. In 
1759 South Carolina produced 10,000 lbs. of raw silk. 

The capacit}' of our soil and climate to yield many other 
valuable productions besides those mentioned, has been well 
ascertained, among the most prominent of which we mention 
Tobacco, Groundnuts, Flax, Hops, Castor and other Oils, 
Mustard, Pepper, Bhene Seed and Opium. Our forests and 
fields abound with medicinal herbs and plants having mar- 
ketable value, such as Jessamine, May Apple, Jamestown 
Weed, Boneset, Golden Rod, Snakeroot, Pleurisyroot, Wild 
Horehound, Fennel, Queen's Delight, Mullein and Sumach. 

Fruit of great variety and excellence is abundant during 
the Spring and Summer months. Peaches and Watermelons 
are in the greatest plenty, and if equalled elsewhere, in size 
and flavor, are certainly not surpassed. Blackberries, Straw- 
berries, Apricots and Raspberries are ripe in April and the 
early part of May. Plums, early Pears, Apples, Peaches, 
Figs and Nectarines follow. Watermelons and Muskmelons 
continue from July to October. Late Peaches, Pears, Apples 
and Grapes come in during the middle and close of the Sum- 
mer, and Persimmons and a variety of nuts in the P^all. 
Recently a lively and very general interest has been mani- 
fested in the extension and improvement of the fruit culture 
of the County. 

It would be difficult to name a desirable vegetable that 
cannot be readily grown in our gardens. Vegetation being 
checked but a few weeks in the depth of Winter, the garden, 
changing its products with the seasons, supplies to the table 
the year round its best and cheapest food. The earliness 
and excellence of our vegetables would render their exporta- 
tion common and profitable were there proper facilities for 
sending them promptly and safely to Northern markets. 
Among the favorite and most abundant productions of our 



24 

gardens wc mention English Peas, Irish Potatoes, Asparagus, 
Green Corn, a variety of Beans, Squashes, Okra, Tomatoes, 
Salads, Onions, Beets, Egg-plants, Carrots, Cucumbers and 
Cabbages. 

The forests, whicli still cover the largest part of the terri- 
tory of the County, and are so distributed as to supply every 
farm with abundant fire-wood and lumber for fencing, build- 
ing and repairs, are distinguished for their variety of hand- 
some and \'aluable trees. Chief among these trees, and 
forming by far the larger part of our forests, is the Pitch 
Pine, which has been well said to be one of the " great gifts 
of God to man." *' The forests of Pine are not only useful 
but beautiful. The characteristic moan of the wind through 
their branches, their funereal aspect, almost limitless extent, 
and the health-giving influences which attend their presence, 
all contribute to make the Pine an object of peculiar interest 
to the people of the Southern States. The terebinthinate 
odor of the tree, some electrical influence of its long spear- 
like leaves, a certain modification of 'ozone' (an allotropic 
condition of oxygen, see P\arnday's examinations), are sever- 
ally esteemed to modify the atmosphere and diminish the 
effects of malaria."* Eor fencing purposes, for boards, lum- 
ber, laths and shingles ; for Tar, Pitch, Turpentine and 
Rosin — the foreign as well as domestic trade fully attests the 
value of the Pine ; for fire-wood it is emphatically the poor 
man's candle ; its leaves furnish an abundant material for 
manure and for medicinal purposes, and its seeds are edible 
and nutritious and are largely consumed by hogs. 

Next to the Pine in abundance is the stately Cypress, the 
largest of the trees of the State. It grows in the swamps 
and along the banks of our streams. Its wood, soft and 
easily worked and yet resisting unusually well the action of 
weather and the changes of temperature, is used for making 
the interior work of houses, posts, shingles, sta\-es, &c. Of 



'Porcher's Resources of Southern Fields and Forests, p. 495. 



25 

other trees there are Post, Live, White and Red Oak, Maple, 
Poplar, Gum, Ash, Blackjack, Sycamore, Wild Locust,' 
Birch, Hickory, Walnut, Dogwood, Holly, Juniper, Persi- 
mon, Wild Cherry, Pride of India and Cedar. The Persi- 
mon — one of the most valuable of our trees — abounds. The 
fruit, which is not ready for use until after frost, is very sweet 
and pleasant to the taste, yields on distillation, after fermen- 
tation, a quantity of spirits, and furnishes a most excellent 
Beer. The juice of the unripe fruit is said to be preferable 
to oak bark for tanning, and a black dye may be extracted 
from it. The wood of the tree is very hard and of fine 
grain, and has been used for engraving. 

These varied resources would make to the farmer of the 
County the road to wealth short and easy, were he prepared 
to " make every edge cut." Li other words, could he find a 
market at his door for the many productions of his field, his 
garden, his orchard and his forest. But while he has every 
help and facility for the preparation for market of his Cotton, 
his Turpentine and his Lumber, and competing buyers on 
hand and eager to purchase, when he varies his industry, and 
seeks to sell some other production of his farm or his forest, 
he meets with no assistance, and finds that he must take 
upon himself all of the trouble, expense and risk of its ship- 
ment to and sale in some distant market. This difficulty is 
aggravated by his inexperience, and, most commonly, the 
result is pecuniary loss, the laughter of his neighbors, and a 
damper put upon his spirit of enterprise. The purchasing 
house is not likely to be established until the article to be 
purchased is produced in sufficient quantities to meet the 
demands of a large business, and yet production is limited 
and depressed by the want of a purchasing house. This 
difficulty can be overcome by a combination of capital and 
enterprise ; but this combination the County does not pos- 
sess, and is most sadly in need of. The prospect, however, 
is not without hope. Our people are thinking over and de- 
siring, as they never thought over and desired before, the 
4 



26 

development of the manifold resources of their soil and cli- 
mate. There is no lack of enterprise, and though many have 
failed, some few are succeeding, despite all difficulties and 
discouragements, and are inducing others to join in their 
efforts. There is a well founded hope that many years will 
not pass before the Count)' will be richer and more prosper- 
ous than ever in the past. 

There are several prosperous organizations of farmers look- 
ing to t-lie improvement of the agriculture of the County. 
An Agricultural Society, established long before the war. 
still exists, and holds an Annual Session, in the Summer, at 
which an Address is made and Reports read on various agri- 
cultural topics. Several years ago an Agricultural and Me- 
chanical Fair Company was established, which now owns 
beautiful grounds, near Darlington Court House, is in a sound 
financial condition, and holds annually two Fairs — one in the 
Summer, for Fruit, Vegetables, and Flowers; and a General 
Fair in the Fall. The Patrons of Husbandry have estab- 
lished a number of Granges in the County, and these are full 
of life, rapidly increasing in numbers, and doing much for 
the elevation of the farmer and his occupation, the increase 
of his social enjoyments, and the introduction of skill and 
economy in the management of his financial affairs. 

Climate — Health — iNvrrATiox ro Imm k ;kants. 

The climate of Darlington County is a medium between 
that of tropical and of cold temperate latitudes. The Sum- 
mers are temperate, and the Winters mild. The number of 
extremely warm days rarely exceeds thirty in a \-car, and 
during these the thermometer seldom stands aboxe ninety- 
two degrees. Of these warmest days, it is not often that 
more than two or three come together. Thunder showers, 
often accompanied by hail, occur frequently, and greatly 
moderate the Summer heat ; while a fresh breeze usually 
springs up in the evening, rendering the nights cool and 
pleasant. 



27 

The number of very cold days during the Winter does not 
exceed the average annual number of very warm days. 
Vegetation is checiced for about six weeks. The ground is 
rarely frozen so hard or to such a depth as not to be quickly 
thawed by the rising sun. Ice ot half an inch in thickness 
rarely occurs. It is not often that a Winter affords more 
than two or three light snows, quickly melted. In some 
years January, and in others February, is our coldest month. 
Fires are kept in our houses, with not unfrequent interrup- 
tions from warm days, from four to six months in the year. 
The architecture of our houses shows, palpably, that their 
builders looked more to protection from heat than protec- 
tion from cold. 

Rain is frequent and well distributed the year round. In 
July and August we have most rain, while May and June 
are usually our driest months. 

An impression prevails abroad that the whole of lower 
South Carolina is very unhealthy ; but this is an error easy to 
be exploded, by a comparison of our bills of mortality with 
those of sections of country having high reputation for 
health. The mildness and regularity of our climate is favor- 
able to health, while the single local cause of disease — the 
malaria of our swamps and low lands — is easily avoided by 
drainage or location of dwelling houses on the healthy up- 
lands. 

These uplands, forming the largest part of the County, 
compare, in point of healthfulness, advantageously with the 
most favored sections of the United States. 

Our sickly months are August and September, the rest of 
the year being healthy. In Winter, the diseases consist of 
Catarrhal affections and Pneumonia of a mild type, rarely 
producing permanent or organic injury to the lungs, with oc- 
casional Rheumatisms ; in the Spring bowel affections — such 
as Diarrhoea and Dysentery — are met with, yielding readily 
to treatment, and rarely fatal, except among children ; in the 
latter part of the Summer and the early })art of the Fall, oc- 



28 

cur the Fevers produced by malaria. These Fevers of the 
Summer and Fall are either Intermittent or Remittent. The 
first is the most common, and is light in its character, and 
but little dreaded. The Remittent Bilious Fever is the only- 
serious disease peculiar to the climate. Its treatment is well 
understood, and where medical assistance is promptly sought, 
the patient rarely fails to recover. 

Instances of longevity are numerous in the County, there 
being now very many residents over the age of eighty. 

Another false and injurious opinion that prevails abroad, 
concerning this and the other Counties of the State, is, that 
incoming strangers, and particularly settlers from the North, 
are, by the whites, not desired, and are received and treated 
with coldness. This opinion has arisen from a mistake as 
to the spirit with which our people acknowledged defeat and 
accepted its results, and from a knowledge of the scorn and 
contempt with which they have treated and still treat the 
carpet-baggers, who, coming to us after the war, avoided 
every honest avocation, busied themselves in arraying the 
negro against the white man, filled our public offices, and 
amassed fortunes by all manner of corruption and dishones- 
ty. Such settlers as have sought their living by honest 
means, and have evidenced character, have had, and have 
now, no reason to complain of their treatment. 

This pamphlet demonstrates the true disposition and desire 
of the white people of Darlington County. Prepared by direc- 
tion of the Granges of the County, composed of its representa- 
tive farmers and citizens, it is meant for distribution among 
the Granges of the other States of the Union, and particu- 
larly of the North and Northwest, as an invitation to honest 
men, of whatever political opinions, to come and join us in 
the work of developing our resources, and share with us the 
wealth and prosperity that must speedily result. It says to 
such settlers, you will be met, as you enter our County, by 
an organization of farmers, eager to give you a Southern 
welcome, and, by every practical assistance, to smoothe your 
way to an advantageous settlement within our borders. 



29 

With no ill will to the negro — believing that \vc subserve 
his best interests, as well as our own — we seek, by the peace- 
ful means of immigration, to overcome the negro majority in 
our County, to restore to its offices capacity and honesty, to 
bring out the hidden riches of the land, and to make our 
County once again, as in the past, wealthy and prosperous, 
R. W. BOYD, Darlington Court House, 
B. F. WILLIAMSON, Darlington Court House, 
JOHN A. WILSON, Society Hill, 

Conunittcc on Iiinnigration. 
September istii, 1874. 



LE N 10 



1 



HISTORY, 



Description and Resources 



OF 



DARLINGTON COUNTY, 



STATE OF SOUTH CAROLINA 



CHARLESTON, S. C. 

THE NEWS AND COURIER JOB PRESSES. 
1874. 




rs 



*>.■ 



